tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62725280392692908722024-02-19T07:35:05.786-08:00Bahan Ajar SMK KeperawatanBahan Ajarku SMKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766125017819150304noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6272528039269290872.post-87276335790969399992012-04-02T22:39:00.001-07:002012-04-02T22:40:05.858-07:00KEBUTUHAN OKSIGENASI MANUSIA<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PRINSIP PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan
Oksigen</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan
oksigenasi merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">manusia yaitu kebutuhan fisiologis.
Pemenuhuan kebutuhan oksigenasi ditujukan untuk menjaga kelangsungan metabolisme
sel tubuh, mempertahankan hidupnya, dan melakukan aktivitas bagi berbagai organ
atau sel.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTfY5OvyDhPtVFXmLMEw2J17_bSSLWRa1XWW-qQQwXHza1MyxHVPcVIfWc9DAhAvu4kKjPhDe_aOtINrKUEbgC-fqL7aMQAxGnFtSD-5cOH74Jh76s3nH7vNbpWUyIIdXES5UvP6YfV_Y/s1600/A+Respirasi.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTfY5OvyDhPtVFXmLMEw2J17_bSSLWRa1XWW-qQQwXHza1MyxHVPcVIfWc9DAhAvu4kKjPhDe_aOtINrKUEbgC-fqL7aMQAxGnFtSD-5cOH74Jh76s3nH7vNbpWUyIIdXES5UvP6YfV_Y/s320/A+Respirasi.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Tubuh yang Berperan dalam
Kebutuhan Oksigenasi </span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran pernapasan bagian atas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidung, proses
oksigenasi diawali dengan masuknya udara melalui hidung.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faring, merupakan pipa berotot yang
terletak dari dasar tengkorak sampai dengan esophagus.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laring, merupakan saluran pernapasan
setelah faring.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Epiglotis, merupakan katup tulang
rawan yang bertugas menutup laring saat proses menutup.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran pernapasan bagian bawah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Trakhea,
merupakan kelanjutan dari laring sampai kira-kira ketinggian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">vertebrae torakalis kelima.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronkhus, merupakan kelanjutan dari
trakhea yang bercabang menjadi bronchus kanan dan kiri.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronkiolus, merupakan saluran
percabangan setelah bronchus.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alveoli,
merupakan kantung udara tempat terjadinya pertukaran oksigen dengan
karbondioksida.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paru-Paru (Pulmo)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paru-paru merupakan organ utama
dalam system pernapasan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Oksigenasi </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pemenuhan kebutuhan oksigenisasi di dalam tubuh terdiri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atas tiga tahapan;</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Ventilasi,
proses ini merupakan proses keluar dan masuknya oksigen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dari atmosfer ke dalam alveoli atau dari alveoli ke
dalam atmosfer. </span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses ventilasi ini dipengaruhi
oleh beberapa faktor :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya konsentrasi oksigen di
atmosfer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kondisi
jalan napas yang baik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kemampuan toraks dan alveoli
pada paru-paru dalam melaksanakan ekspansi atau kembang kempis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat pernapasan, yaitu medulla
oblongata dan pons, dapat dipengaruhi oleh ventilasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Difusi,
merupakan pertukaran antara o2 dari alveoli ke kapiler paru- paru dan
co2 dari kapiler ke alveoli. Proses pertukaran ini dipengaruhi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">oleh beberapa factor yaitu :</span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luasnya permukaan paru-paru</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tebal membran
respirasi/permeabilitas yang terdiri atas epitel alveoli dan interstisial.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan tekanan dan konsentrasi
o2.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afinitas gas yaitu kemampuan untuk
menembus dan saling mengikat Haemoglobin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportasi</span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportasi gas merupakan proses
pendistribusian antara O2 kapiler ke jaringan tubuh dan CO2 jaringan tubuh ke
kapiler. Pada proses transportasi, O2 akan berikatan dengan Hb
membentuk oksihemoglobin (97%) dan larut dalam plasma (3%). Sedangkan CO2
akan berikatan dengan Hb membentuk karbominohemoglobin (30%), larut dalam
plasma (5%), dan sebagian menjadi HCO3 berada dalam darah (65%).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportasi gas dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
faktor diantaranya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kardiak output, dapat dinilai
melalui isi sekuncup dan frekuensi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">denyut
jantung.</span> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi pembuluh darah, latihan dan
aktivitas seperti olah raga dan lain-lain.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4XSDsqHCyX86BIjEULWfqJGBGo3u9sqnT8IWm8dzaqETQvAt8gju69-sYVFuCbeYQcJ0EsccKQnU9gUd3kogyXfRLMsTaY7IfA1JQwrjljCCiAj-hbSIymXrW_a_kfr_23GnHHFgwVLU/s1600/Alveoli.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4XSDsqHCyX86BIjEULWfqJGBGo3u9sqnT8IWm8dzaqETQvAt8gju69-sYVFuCbeYQcJ0EsccKQnU9gUd3kogyXfRLMsTaY7IfA1JQwrjljCCiAj-hbSIymXrW_a_kfr_23GnHHFgwVLU/s400/Alveoli.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">aktor-faktor yang mem</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">engaruhi
kebutuhan oksigenasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf otonom</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangsangan
simpatis dan parasimpatis dari saraf otonom dapat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pe</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ngaruhi kemampuan untuk dilatasi dan
konstriksi. Hal ini dapat terlihat ketika terjadi rangsangan baik oleh simpatis
maupun parasimpatis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormonal dan obat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua hormon termasuk de</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">at katekolamin yang dapat melebarkan
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">saluran pernapasan.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alergi pada saluran napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak faktor yang menimbulkan
keadaan alergi antara lain debu,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> bulu
binatang, serbuk benang sari bunga, kapuk, makanan dan lain-lain.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor perkembangan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap perkembangan anak dapat
mempengaruhi jumlah kebutuhan oksigenasi karena usia organ di dalam tubuh
seiring dengan usia perkembangan anak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor lingkungan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi lingkungan yang dapat
memengaruhi kebutuhan oksigenasi, seperti faktor alergi, ketinggian dan suhu.
Kondisi-kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi kemampuan adaptasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor perilaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perilaku yang dimaksud diantaranya
adalah perilaku dalam mengkonsumsi makanan (status nutrisi), aktivitas yang
dapat meningkatkan kebutuhan oksigenasi, merokok dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan/Masalah Kebutuhan
Oksigenasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipoksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipoksia merupakan kondisi tidak
tercukupinya pemenuhan kebutuhan oksigen dalam tubuh akibat defisiensi oksigen
atau peningkatan penggunaan oksigen di sel, sehingga dapat memunculkan tanda
seperti kulit kebiruan (sianosis). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Pola Pernapasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Takipnea</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan pernapasan dengan frekuensi lebih dari 24 kali
per menit. Proses ini terjadi karena paru-paru dalam keadaan atelektaksis atau
terjadi emboli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bradipnea</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan pola pernapasan yang lambat abnormal, ±10 kali
per menit. Pola ini dapat ditemukan dalam keadaan peningkatan tekanan
intracranial yang di sertai narkotik atau sedatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperventilasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan cara tubuh meng</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ompensasi metabolisme tubuh yang
melampau tinggi dengan pernapasan lebih cepat dan dalam, sehingga terjadi
peningkatan jumlah oksigen dalam paru-paru. Proses ini ditandai adanya
peningkatan denyut nadi, napas pendek, adanya nyeri dada, menurunnya
konsentrasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">CO2 dan lain-lain.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kussmaul</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan pola pernapasan cepat dan dangkal yang dapat
ditemukan pada orang dalam keadaan asidosis metabolik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipoventilasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan upaya tubuh untuk mengeluarkan karbondioksida
dengan cukup pada saat ventilasi alveolar, serta tidak cukupnya jumlah udara
yang memasuki alveoli dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> penggunaan
oksigen.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispnea</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan
sesak dan berat saat pernapasan. Hal ini dapat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">disebabkan oleh perubahan kadar gas
dalam darah/jaringan, kerja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> berat/berlebuhan,
dan pengaruh psikis.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ortopnea</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan kesulitan bernapas kecuali pada posisi
duduk atau berdiri dan pola ini sering ditemukan pada seseorang yang
mengalami kongesif paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cheyne stokes</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan siklus pernapasan yang amplitudonya mula-mula
naik kemudian menurun dan berhenti, lalu pernapasan dimulai lagi dari siklus
baru. Periode apnea berulang secara teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernapasan paradoksial</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan pernapasan dimana
dinding paru-paru bergerak berlawanan arah dari keadaan normal. Sering
ditemukan pada keadaan atelektasis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biot,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan pernapasan dengan irama yang mirip dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cheyne stokes</i>, akan tetapi amplitudonya
tidak teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stridor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan pernapasan bising yang terjadi
karena penyempitan pada saluran pernapasan. Pada umumnya
ditemukan pada kasus spasme trachea atau obstruksi laring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obstruksi jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obstruksi jalan napas merupakan
suatu kondisi pada induvidu dengan pernapasan yang mengalami ancaman, terkait
dengan ketidak mampuan batuk secara efektif. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh
sekret yang kental atau berlebihan akibat penyakit infeksi, immobilisasi,
statis s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kresi, serta batuk tidak efektif
karena penyakit persarafan seperti cerebro vascular accident (CVA), akibat
efek pengobatan sedative, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
klinis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuk tidak efektif atau tidak ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak mampu mengelua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kan sekret di jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suara napas menunjukkan adanya
sumbatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah, irama, dan kedalaman
pernapasan tidak normal</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnamHbmT2ayp7qESE17Y1Tro_A9MPxKZWFZLn4Y1IqWGt71w4LMk_2Q8NRfZdmKLyMmdjbdii6-vJqAgJt4d6upcoh_rG1f6e5U-IlGK1XU4bdXcaWbnUnfR6H3X-J3GdGkdr6745HLaM/s1600/A+Sesak.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnamHbmT2ayp7qESE17Y1Tro_A9MPxKZWFZLn4Y1IqWGt71w4LMk_2Q8NRfZdmKLyMmdjbdii6-vJqAgJt4d6upcoh_rG1f6e5U-IlGK1XU4bdXcaWbnUnfR6H3X-J3GdGkdr6745HLaM/s1600/A+Sesak.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertukaran gas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertukaran gas merupakan suatu
kondisi pada individu yang mengalami penurunan gas, baik oksigen maupun
karbondioksida, antar alveoli paru-paru dan sistem vaskular. Hal ini dapat
disebabkan oleh sekret yang kental atau immobilisasi akibat sistem saraf;
depresi susunan saraf pusat; atau penyakit radang pada paru-paru. Terjadinya
gangguan dalam pertukaran gas ini menunjukkan bahwa penurunan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">kapasitas difusi dapat menyebabkan pengangkutan
O2 dari paru-paru </span>ke jaringan terganggu, anemia dengan segala macam
bentuknya, keracunan CO2, dan terganggunya aliran darah. Penurunan kapasitas
difusi tersebut antara lain disebabkan oleh menurunnya luas permukaan
difusi, menebalnya membrane alveolar kapiler, dan rasio <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">ventilasi perfusi yang tidak baik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda klinis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispnea pada usaha napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Napas dengan bibir pada fase
ekspirasi yang panjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agitasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lelah, alergi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatnya tahanan vascular
paru-paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunnya saturasi oksigen dan
meningkatnya PaCO2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sianosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan untuk
Mengatasi Masalah Kebutuhan Oksigenasi</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan napas</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan napas merupakan cara
bernapas untuk memperbaiki ventilasi alveoli atau memelihara pertukaran gas,
mencegah atelektaksis, meningkatkan efisiensi batuk, dan dapat mengurangi
stress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai
prosedur yang akan dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi (duduk atau terlentang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan untuk mulai latihan dengan
cara menarik napas terlebih <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">dahulu melalui
hidung dengan mulut tertutup.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian anjurkan pasien untuk
menahan napas sekitar 1-1,5 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">detik dan
disusul dengan menghembuskan napas melalui bibir dengan bentuk mulut
seperti orang meniup.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat respon yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan batuk efektif </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan batuk efektif merupakan cara
melatih pasien yang tidak memiliki kemampuan batuk secara efektif untuk
membersihkan jalan napas (laring, trachea, dan bronkhiolus) dari sekret atau
benda asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai
prosedur yang akan dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi dengan duduk di tepi
tempat tidur dan membungkuk ke <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">depan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan untuk menarik napas, secara
pelan dan dalam, dengan menggunakan pernapasan diafragma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah itu tahan napas selama ± 2
detik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Batukkan
2 kali dengan mulut terbuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tarik napas dengan ringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istirahat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat respons yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian oksigen</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian oksigen merupakan tindakan
memberikan oksigen ke dalam paru-paru melalui saluran pernapasan dengan alat
bantu oksigen. Pemberian oksigen pada pasien dapat melalui tiga cara yaitu
melalui kanula, nasal, dan masker. Pemberian oksigen tersebut bertujuan
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen dan mencegah terjadinya hipoksia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat dan Bahan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung oksigen
lengkap dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> flowmeter dan
humidifier</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasal kateter, kanula, atau masker</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaselin,/lubrikan atau pelumas
( jelly)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai
prosedur yang akan dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cek flowmeter dan humidifier</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidupkan tabung oksigen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi semifowler atau posisi
yang telah disesuaikan dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">kondisi
pasien</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan oksigen melalui kanula atau
masker.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila menggunakan kateter, ukur
dulu jarak hidung dengan telinga, setelah itu berikan lubrikan dan masukkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat pemberian dan lakukan
observasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisioterapi dada</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisioterapi dada merupakan tindakan
melakukan postural <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">drainage, cla</span>pping,
dan vibrating <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">pada pasien dengan
gangguan </span>sistem pernapasan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pola pernapasan
dan membersihkan jalan napas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat dan Bahan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pot sputum berisi desinfektan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas tisu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua balok tempat tidur (untuk
postural drainage)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu bantal (untuk postural
drainage)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Postural
drainage</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai
prosedur yang akan dilaksanakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Miringkan psien ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kiri (untuk membersihkan bagian
paru-paru</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kanan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Miringkan
pasien ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">kanan (untuk
membersihkan ba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">ian paru-paru</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kiri)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Miringkan pasien ke kiri dengan
tubuh bagian belakang kanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">disokong satu
bantal (untuk membersihkan bagian lobus tengah)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan
postural drainage ± 10-1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">menit</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi tanda vital selama
prosedur </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah pelaksanaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">ostural
drainage</span></i>, dilakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clapping, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">vibrating,</span> </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> suction.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan hingga lendir bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat respon yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Clapping </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai
prosedur yang akan dilaksanakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi pasien sesuai dengan
kodisinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan clapping dengan cara
kedua tangan perawat menepuk punggung pasien secara bergantian
hingga ada rangsangan batuk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila pasien sudah batuk, berhenti
sebentar dan anjurkan untuk menampung sputum pada pot sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan hingga lendir bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat respon yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vibrating </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai
prosedur yang akan dilaksanakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi pasien sesuai dengan
kondisinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan vibrating dengan menganjurkan
pasien untuk menarik napas dalam dan meminta pasien untuk mengularkan
napas perlahan-lahan. Untuk itu, letakkan kedua tangan di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atas bagian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">samping depan dari cekungan iga dan getarkan secara perlahan-</span>lahan.
Hal tersebut dilakukan secara berkali-kali hingga pasien ingin batuk dan
mengeluarkan sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila pasien sudah batuk, berhenti
sebentar dan anjurkan untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">menampung
sputum di pot sputum.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan hingga lendir bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat respon yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengisapan lendir </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengisapan lendir (suction)
merupakan tindakan pada pasien</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang tidak mampu mengeluarkan se</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ret atau lendir secara sendiri.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan tersebut dilakukan untuk
membersihkan jalan napas dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memenuhi kebutuhan oksegenasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat dan Bahan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat pengisap lendir dengan botol yang berisi larutan
desinfektan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kateter pengisap lend</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pinset steril</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua kom berisi la</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ru</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tan akuades/NaCl 0,9% dan larutan
desinfektan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasa steril</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas tisu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai prosedur yang akan di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aksanakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur pasien dalam posisi te</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lentang dan kepala miring ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">arah perawat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan sarung tangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungakan kateter penghisap dengan selang penghisap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidupkan mesin penghisap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan penghisapan lendir dengan memasuka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kateter pengisap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ke dalam kom berisi akuades atau
NaCl 0,9% untuk mencegah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">trauma mukosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan kateter pengisap dalam keadaan tidak mengisap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Tarik lendir dengan memutar kateter
pengisap sekitar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">3-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilas kateter dengan akuades atau
NaCl 0,9%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">La</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ukan hingga lendir bersih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat respon yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div>Bahan Ajarku SMKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766125017819150304noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6272528039269290872.post-58588923818544582402012-04-02T22:13:00.001-07:002012-04-02T22:14:37.951-07:00Pelayanan Kesehatan Utama<br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6272528039269290872" name="1048783005918946413"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://laskargaluh.blogspot.com/2009/10/sistem-pelayanan-kesehatan.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">SISTEM PELAYANAN KESEHATAN</span></a></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sistem Pelayanan Kesehatan merupakan
bagian penting dalam meningkatkan derajat kesehatan. Keberhasilan sistem
pelayanan kesehatan tergantung dari berbagai komponen yang masuk dalam
pelayanan kesehatan. Sistem terbentuk dari subsistem yang saling berhubungan
dan saling mempengaruhi. Sistem terdiri dari : input, proses, output, dampak,
umpan balik & lingkungan.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Input </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan subsistem yang akan memberikan segala masukan
untuk berfungsinya sebuah sistem.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Input sistem pelayanan kesehatan : potensi masyarakat,
tenaga & sarana kesehatan, dsb.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kegiatan yg mengubah sebuah masukan
menjadi sebuah hasil yg diharapkan dari sistem tsb.<br />
Proses dalam pelayanan kesehatan: berbagai kegiatan dalam pelayanan kesehatan. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Output<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan hasil yang diperoleh dari
sebuah proses</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Output
pelayanan kesehatan : pelayanan yang berkualitas & terjangkau sehingga
masyarakat sembuh & sehat </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dampak</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan
akibat dari output/hasil suatu sistem, terjadi dalam waktu yg relatif lama.<br />
Dampak sistem Pelayanan kesehatan adalah masyarakat sehat, angka kesakitan
& kematian menurun.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Umpan Balik/Feedback</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan
suatu hasil yg sekaligus menjadi masukan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terjadi
dari sebuah sistem yang saling berhubungan & saling mempengaruhi.<br />
Umpan balik dalam yankes : kualitas tenaga kesehatan </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkungan<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semua keadaan di luar sistem tetapi
dapat mempengaruhi pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TINGKAT PELAYANAN KESEHATAN</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Merupakan bagian dari sistem pelayanan kesehatan yg diberikan pada masyarakat.
Menurut Leavel & Clark dlm memberikan pelayanan kesehatan harus memandang
pada tingkat pelayanan kesehatan yg akan diberikan, yaitu : </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Health promotion (promosi kesehatan)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan
tingkat pertama dalam memberikan pelayanan melalui peningkatan kesehatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bertujuan
untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan masyarakat<br />
Contoh : Kebersihan perorangan,
perbaikan sanitasi lingkungan, dsb</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Specifik protection (perlindungan khusus)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perlindungan
khusus adalah masyarakat terlindung dari bahaya/penyakit-penyakit tertentu<br />
Contoh : Imunisasi, perlindungan keselamatan kerja</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (diagnosis dini &
pengobatan segera)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sudah
mulai timbulnya gejala penyakit dilakukan untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit<br />
Contoh : survey penyaringan kasus.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembatasan Kecacatan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemulihan Kesehatan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LEMBAGA PELAYANAN KESEHATAN</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Merupakan tempat pemberian pelayanan kesehatan pada masyarakat untuk
meningkatkan status kesehatan<br />
Bervariasi berdasarkan tujuan pemberian pelayanan kesehatan Terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rawat Jalan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bertujuan
memberikan pelayanan kesehatan pd tingkat pelaksanaan diagnosis &
pengobatan penyakit akut/ mendadak & kronis yg dimungkinkan tdk terjadi
rawat inap. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh
: Puskesmas, Pustu, Poskesdes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Institusi<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan lembaga pelayanan
kesehatan yg fasilitasnya cukup dlm memberikan berbagai tingkat pelayanan
kesehatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh
: RS, pusat rehabilitasi, dsb</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hospice<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bertujuan memberikan pelayanan
kesehatan yg difokuskan pd klien dg sakit terminal sampai melewati masa
terminal dg tenang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya
digunakan dalam home care</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Community Based Agency</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dilakukan
di keluarga klien, spt praktek perawat keluarga, dsb </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>LINGKUP SISTEM PELAYANAN KESEHATAN</u></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam sistem pelayanan kesehatan
dapat mencakup pelayanan dokter, pelayanan keperawatan & pelayanan
kesehatan masyarakat.Terdapat tiga bentuk pelayanan kesehatan, yaitu :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Primary health care (pelayanan kesehatan tingkat pertama)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dilaksanakan pada masyarakat yg
memiliki masalah kesehatan yg ringan/masyarakat sehat sehingga kesehatan
optimal & sejahtera</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat pelayanan kesehatan: pelayanan
kesehatan dasar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Puskesmas, balai kesehatan</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Secondary health care (pelayanan kesehatan tingkat kedua)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk klien yg membutuhkan perawatan
rawat inap tapi tidak dilaksanakan di pelayanan kesehatan utama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">RS yg tersedia tenaga spesialis</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tertiary health care (pelayanan kesehatan tingkat Ketiga)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat pelayanan tertinggi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membutuhkan tenaga ahli/subspesialis
& sebagai tempat rujukan utama sepertt RS tipe A atau B.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PELAYANAN KEPERAWATAN DALAM PELAYANAN KESEHATAN</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Merupakan bagian dari pelayanan kesehatan yang meliputi pelayanan dasar &
rujukan sehingga meningkatkan derajat kesehatan. Pada tingkat pelayanan dasar
dilakukan di lingkup puskesmas dengan pendekatan askep keluarga & komunitas
yang berorientasi pada tugas keluarga dalam kesehatan, diantaranya mengenal masalah
kesehatan secara dini, mengambil keputusan, menanggulangi keadaan darurat,
memberikan pelayanan dasar pada anggota keluarga yang sakit serta memodifikasi
lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada lingkup pelayanan rujukan,
tugas perawat adalah memberikan askep pada ruang/lingkup rujukannya, seperti:
asuhan keperawatan anak, askep jiwa, askep medikal bedah, askep maternitas,
askep gawat darurat, dsb.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI PELAYANAN KESEHATAN</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pergeseran
masyarakat dan konsumen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hal
ini sebagai akibat dari peningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran konsumen terhadap
peningkatan kesehatan, pencegahan penyakit dan upaya pengobatan. sebagai
masyarakat yang memiliki pengetahuan tentang masalah kesehatan yang meningkat,
maka mereka mempunyai kesadaran yang lebih besar yang berdampak pada gaya hidup
terhadap kesehatan. akibatnya kebutuhan masyarakat akan pelayanan kesehatan
meningkat.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi baru. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengembangan
ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di sisi lain dapat meningkatkan pelayanan
kesehatan karena adanya peralatan kedokteran yang lebih canggih dan memadai
walau di sisi yang lain juga berdampak pada beberapa hal seperti meningkatnya
biaya pelayanan kesehatan, melambungnya biaya kesehatan dan dibutuhkannya
tenaga profesional akibat pengetahuan dan peralatan yang lebih modern.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Issu legal
dan etik.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai
masyarakat yaang sadar terhadap haknya untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan
dan pengobatan , issu etik dan hukum semakin meningkat ketika mereka menerima
pelayanan kesehatan. Pemberian pelayanan kesehatan yang kurang memadai dan kurang
manusiawi maka persoalan hukum kerap akan membayanginya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ekonomi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Pelayanan kesehatan yang sesuai dengan harapan barangkali hanya dapat dirasakan
oleh orang-orang tertentu yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk memperoleh fasilitas
pelayanan kesehatan yang dibutuhkan, namun bagi klien dengan status ekonomi
rendah tidak akan mampu mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan yang paripurna karena
tidak dapat menjangkau biaya pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Politik </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Kebijakan pemerintah dalam sistem pelayanan kesehatan akan berpengaruh pada
kebijakan tentang bagaimana pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan dan siapa yang
menanggung biaya pelayanan kesehatan</span></div>Bahan Ajarku SMKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766125017819150304noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6272528039269290872.post-35792814725166836402012-04-02T19:41:00.000-07:002012-04-02T22:17:32.736-07:00Peningkatan Kesehatan<iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="389" mozallowfullscreen="true" src="https://docs.google.com/presentation/embed?id=1kf2YBjfXUlec9JUlkqAXTB3MrMYp4uTx6z6FLJ7XEHA&start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000" webkitallowfullscreen="true" width="480"></iframe>Bahan Ajarku SMKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766125017819150304noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6272528039269290872.post-50666478192298385122012-04-02T18:58:00.001-07:002012-04-02T22:15:14.760-07:00PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN DAN PENCEGAHAN PENYAKITPeningkatan kesehatan dan pencegahan penyakit merupakan dua konsep yang berhubungan erat dan pada pelaksanaannya ada beberapa hal yang menjadi saling tumpangtindih satu sama lain.<br />
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A. PENGERTIAN<br />
1. Peningkatan kesehatan merupakan upaya memelihara atau memperbaiki tingkat kesehatan klien saat ini. <br />
2. Pencegahan Penyakit merupakan upaya yang bertujuan untuk melindungi klien dari ancaman kesehatan yang bersifat aktual maupun potensial. <br />
B. PERSAMAAN DAN PERBEDAAN<br />
1. Persamaannya<br />
- Keduanya berorientasi pada masa depan.<br />
2. Perbedaan<br />
Terletak pada Motivasi dan Tujuan<br />
- Peningkatan Kesehatan memberikan motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk bertindak secara positif , untuk mencapai tujuan berupa tingkat kesehatan yang stabil<br />
- Pencegahan Penyakit memberi motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk menghindari penurunan tingkat kesehatan atau fungsi<br />
C. FOKUS KEGIATAN <br />
1. Kegiatan Peningkatan Kesehatan dapat bersifat Aktif maupun Pasif :<br />
a. Peningkatan Kesehatan Pasif <br />
Merupakan strategi peningkatan kesehatan dimana individu akan memperoleh manfaat dari kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh orang lain tanpa harus melakukannya sendiri, Misal <br />
- Pemberian florida pada pusat suplai Air Minum (PAM)<br />
- Portifikasi (Pembetengan) pada susu dengan vitamin D.<br />
b. Peningkatan Kesehatan Aktif <br />
Pada strategi ini, setiap individu diberikan motivasi untuk melakukan program kesehatan tertentu.Misal: <br />
- Program Penurunan BB, <br />
- Program pemberantasan rokok, menuntut keikutsertaan klien secara aktif.<br />
2. Sedangkan Pencegahan Penyakit terdiri dari beberapa tingkatan all:<br />
a. Pencegahan Primer <br />
- Merupakan pencegahan yang dilakukan sebelum terjadi penyakit dan gangguanfungsi, dan diberikan kepada klien yang sehat secara fisik dan mental.<br />
- Tidak bersifat terapeutik, tidak menggunakan tindakan yang terapeutik, dan tidak menggunakan identifikasi gejala penyakit <br />
- Terdiri dari :<br />
o Peningkatan Kesehatan : pendidikan kesehatan, standarisasi nutrisi, perhatian terhadap perkembangan kepribadian, penyediaan perumahan sehat, skrining genetik. Dll<br />
o Perlindungan Khusus : imunisasi, kebersihan pribadi (PHBS), sanitasilingkungan, perlindungan tempat kerja, perlindungan kecelakaan, perlindungankarsinoge dan alergen.<br />
b. Pencegahan Sekunder <br />
- Merupakan tindakan pencegahan yang berfokus pada individu yang mengalamimasalah kesehatan atau penyakit, dan individu yang berisiko mengalamikomplikasi atau kondisi yang lebih buruk.<br />
- Pencegahan sekunder dilakukan melalui pembuatan diagnosa dan pemberianintervensi yang tepat sehingga akan mengurangi keparahan kondisi danmemungkinkan klien kembali pada kondisi kesehatan yang normal sedinimungkin.<br />
- Pencegahan komplikasi sebagian besar dilakukan di RS atau tempat pelayanankesehatan lain yang memiliki fasilitas memadai.<br />
- Pencegahan skunder terdiri dari teknik skrining dan pengobatan penyakit padatahap dini untuk membatasi kecacatan dengan cara menghindarkan ataumenunda akibat yang ditimbulkan dari perkembangan penyakit.<br />
c. Pencegahan Tersier <br />
- Pencegahan ini dilakukan ketika terjadi kecacatan atau ketidakmampuan yang permanen dan atau tidak dapat disembuhkan.<br />
- Pencegahan ini terdiri dari cara meminimalkan akibat penyakit atauketidakmampuan melalui intervensi yang bertujuan untuk mencegahkomplikasi dan penurunan kesehatan<br />
- Kegiatannya lebih ditujukan untuk melaksanakan rehabilitasi, dari pada pembuatan diagnosa dan tindakan penyakit.<br />
- Perawatan pada tingkat ini ditujukan untuk membantu klien mencapai tingkat fungsi setinggi mungkin, sesuai dengan keterbatasan yang ada akibat penyakit atau kecacatan.<br />
- Tingkat perawatan ini bisa disebut juga perawatan preventive, karenadidalamnya terdapat tindak pencegahan terhadap kerusakan atau penurunanfungsi lebih jauh. Misal: dalam merawat orang yang Buta, disampingmemaksimalkan kemampuan klien dalam aktivitas sehari-hari, juga mencegahterjadinya kecelakaan pada klien.Bahan Ajarku SMKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766125017819150304noreply@blogger.com1